Dr Shahida Memon

Introduction Public spitting is a practice often condemned solely for its aesthetic impact, but its dangers extend far beyond appearances. This article explores the critical public health risks associated with spitting in public spaces, draws from historical and international perspectives, shares personal experiences, and offers concrete steps to effectively combat this issue. The Health Hazards: Public spitting goes beyond being unsightly; it serves as a vector for transmitting numerous diseases, notably Tuberculosis (TB), Influenza, Common Cold, and Pneumonia. The year 1986 witnessed New York City's introduction of its first anti-spitting legislation, marking a significant shift toward recognizing the public health implications. The UK also levied fines against public spitting offenses, championed by Councilor Chris Bond's campaign against this "utterly foul" behavior. A Global View: Around the world, numerous countries have adopted measures to curb public...

In Pakistan, the term "Mafia" has become a buzzword frequently mentioned in electronic, social, and print media. Politicians often attribute various crises in the country to these influential groups. This article sheds light on one active Mafia that has been disproportionately affecting the poor, especially the middle and lower-middle class, who are striving to save for their future. The Builder Mafia, operating under the guise of legitimacy, preys on innocent individuals, trapping them in schemes that deplete their life savings. It's a grave concern that this Mafia enjoys support from various government departments, including Revenue, Building authorities, anti-corruption agencies (ironically one of the most corrupt departments), the judiciary, and even politicians. Understanding the Term "Mafia": The term "Mafia" originated in Italy as an international secret organization in Sicily, initially formed in opposition to tyranny. However, it eventuall...